Digital commerce

Sources of Business Finance – NCERT Class 11 Summary Sources of Business Finance – NCERT Class 11 Summary Finance is essential for starting, operating, and growing a business. This chapter explains various internal and external sources of finance and how businesses choose the right one. 🔹 1. Meaning of Business Finance Business finance refers to the funds required to start, operate, and expand a business. It includes both short-term and long-term needs. 🔹 2. Types of Finance Based on Duration Short-term: Needed for less than 1 year (e.g., working capital, salaries). Medium-term: 1 to 5 years (e.g., equipment purchase, marketing). Long-term: More than 5 years (e.g., land, buildings, expansion). 🔹 3. Sources of Finance Based on Ownership Owner's Funds: Provided by owners (e.g., equity shares, retained earnings). Borrowed Funds: Borrowed from outsiders (e.g., loa...

Social Responsibility and Business Ethics – NCERT Class 11 Summary Social Responsibility of Business and Business Ethics – NCERT Class 11 Summary This chapter highlights the duty of business beyond profit-making — towards society, environment, employees, and customers. It also emphasizes ethical conduct in every business decision. 🔹 1. What is Social Responsibility? It is the obligation of business to act in ways that protect and improve society’s welfare, along with earning profits. 🔹 2. Need for Social Responsibility Protection of the environment Better public image and trust Legal obligations Long-term business growth Serving the interests of stakeholders 🔹 3. Arguments For and Against Social Responsibility Arguments For Arguments Against Improves public image and goodwill Business may...

Emerging Models of Business – NCERT Class 11 Summary Emerging Models of Business – NCERT Class 11 Summary This chapter discusses modern business models that have emerged with the growth of technology and globalization. It covers e-business, outsourcing, and the shift from traditional models to digital platforms. 🔹 1. E-Business (Electronic Business) Conducting business using the internet. Includes buying/selling, customer support, and online payments. Low setup cost, global reach, time-saving. Example: Amazon, Flipkart, Meesho 🔹 2. Types of E-Business Models B2B (Business to Business): Business transactions between companies (e.g., Alibaba, IndiaMART). B2C (Business to Consumer): Online selling directly to consumers (e.g., Amazon, Nykaa). C2C (Consumer to Consumer): Platforms where individuals sell to others (e.g., OLX, eBay). C2B (Consumer to Business): Indiv...

Business Services – NCERT Class 11 Summary Business Services – NCERT Class 11 Summary Business services are intangible services that help in the smooth conduct of business activities. This chapter explains various services like banking, insurance, transport, warehousing, and communication. 🔹 1. Banking Services Accept deposits and provide loans. Help in the flow of money in the economy. Types of bank accounts: Savings, Current, Fixed Deposit, Recurring. Other services: ATM, net banking, UPI, cheque facility. 🔹 2. Insurance Services Provides protection against financial loss due to unforeseen events. Types of Insurance: Life Insurance: Covers human life (e.g., LIC). Fire Insurance: Covers damage from fire. Marine Insurance: Covers goods transported by sea. Premium is paid regularly to get risk coverage. 🔹...

Public, Private and Global Enterprises – NCERT Class 11 Summary Public, Private and Global Enterprises – NCERT Class 11 Summary This chapter helps students understand the role of different types of enterprises in an economy – public, private, and global. Each sector has unique characteristics, objectives, and areas of operation. 🔹 1. Private Sector Enterprises Owned and managed by private individuals or groups. Main objective: Profit-making. Examples: Reliance, Infosys, Tata Group Includes: Sole proprietorship, Partnership, Company, Cooperative society. 🔹 2. Public Sector Enterprises Owned and operated by the government. Objective: Serve the public, develop infrastructure, social welfare. Examples: Indian Railways, BSNL, LIC Forms of Public Enterprises: Departmental Undertakings: Managed directly by government departments (e.g., Railways, Post Of...

Forms of Business Organisation – NCERT Class 11 Summary Forms of Business Organisation – NCERT Class 11 Summary In this chapter, students learn about different ways in which business units can be legally formed and operated. Each form has its own features, merits, and limitations. 🔹 1. Sole Proprietorship Owned and managed by a single individual. Simple formation and easy to operate. Owner has unlimited liability. Suitable for small-scale businesses. 🔹 2. Partnership Owned by two or more persons (maximum 20 in general business). Partners share profit, losses, and management responsibilities. Regulated by the Indian Partnership Act, 1932. Unlimited liability of partners. 🔹 3. Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) Governed by Hindu Law. Business is inherited by male members (coparceners). Karta (eldest male member) manages the business. ...